Home›Buildings and Structures›Material›ConcreteElements and MaterialsConcreteMaterialReference and ClassificationDevelopingConcrete is a composite building material made of aggregate bound together by a fluid cement that hardens, or cures, into a solid mass; after water, it is the most used substance on Earth and the most widely used building material in the world. In ordinary Portland cement concrete, aggregate mixed with dry cement and water forms a fluid slurry that can be poured or molded into a form; the cement then reacts with the water in a process called hydration, which hardens the mix over several hours into a durable, stone like material. Because hydration is exothermic, ambient temperature strongly affects how quickly concrete sets, and additives such as pozzolans or superplasticizers are often mixed in to modify the wet mix's properties or to speed or slow curing. Most structural concrete has steel reinforcing bars, or rebar, embedded in it to supply the tensile strength plain concrete lacks on its own, producing reinforced concrete. Before Portland cement was invented in the early 1800s, builders used lime based cement binders such as lime putty, and the Romans had already developed a durable volcanic ash concrete centuries earlier that let them build vaulted structures such as the Pantheon.FactsConcreteConnectionsSourcesOpen Questions (1 open question)Comments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsElement KindWell-attestedMaterial 1First Used EraWell-attestedRoman; revived industrially in the nineteenth century 1ConcreteFilter Results65 entriesArchitectAllApollodorus of Damascus (1)Frank Lloyd Wright (2)Le Corbusier (2)Building FamilyAllAirports and Airport Terminals (2)Ancient Monuments (Pyramids and Obelisks) (1)Apartment and Multi-Family Buildings (3)Archaeological Sites of the Mediterranean and Greco-Roman World (1)Architecturally Significant Houses (5)Bridges and Viaducts (2)Christian Churches and Cathedrals (1)City and Town Halls (1)Commemorative Statues, Columns and Markers (1)Corporate Headquarters, Campuses and 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(1)Qatar (1)Romania (1)Russia (4)South Africa (1)South Korea (1)Thailand (1)United Arab Emirates (2)United Kingdom (6)United States (21)Show ResultsBrowseCompareSelect all 6520 Fenchurch StreetConcrete432 Park AvenueConcreteAl Hamra TowerConcreteAlcatraz IslandConcreteAqua TowerConcreteBarbican EstateConcreteBurj Al ArabConcreteCalgary TowerConcreteCasamauresConcreteCausewayConcreteCayan TowerConcreteChandigarh Capitol ComplexConcreteCITIC PlazaConcreteColosseumConcreteDoha TowerConcreteEnnis HouseConcreteEuromastConcreteFaisal MosqueConcreteFederation TowerConcreteFord Foundation BuildingConcreteFort BardConcreteGran Hotel Ciudad de MexicoConcreteGuggenheim Museum New YorkConcreteHighland CottageConcreteIolani PalaceConcreteJewish Museum BerlinConcreteJohnson Wax HeadquartersConcreteKingsley PlantationConcreteKuala Lumpur TowerConcreteLenin's MausoleumConcreteLloyd's buildingConcreteMalacanang PalaceConcreteMillau ViaductConcreteMotherland CallsConcreteNamsan Seoul TowerConcreteNotre-Dame du HautConcreteOne57ConcreteOstankino TowerConcretePalace of the ParliamentConcretePirelli TowerConcretePonte City ApartmentsConcreteQueen Victoria BuildingConcreteRobie HouseConcreteRobin Hood GardensConcreteRoma Termini railway stationConcreteRoyal National TheatreConcreteRyugyong HotelConcreteSalesforce TowerConcreteSC Johnson Administration BuildingConcreteSchindler HouseConcreteSelfridges BirminghamConcreteStorer HouseConcreteSydney Town HallConcreteTaliesin WestConcreteTeatro ColonConcreteThe PantheonConcreteTWA Flight CenterConcreteUnderground House Las VegasConcreteUnite d'Habitation, MarseilleConcreteUnited States Bullion DepositoryConcreteVilla CavroisConcreteVilla SusiniConcreteWashington Dulles International Airport Main TerminalConcreteWat Rong KhunConcreteWoodchester VillaConcreteConnectionsAssociated WithPortland Cement, Architectural Materials Well-attested Prestressed Concrete, Elements and Materials Well-attested Reinforced Concrete, Elements and Materials Well-attested Source Encyclopedia BritannicaRoman Architecture, Styles and Movements Well-attested Roman builders were the first to exploit concrete structurally at scale, which is what let them span and vault spaces the trabeated Greek system could not.Source Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of ArchitectureBanister Fletcher, edited by Dan Cruickshank (20th edition)Roman Architecture, Styles and Movements Well-attested Source Encyclopedia BritannicaRoman Concrete, Architectural Materials Well-attested Open QuestionsWhy has Roman concrete endured two thousand years, in surf and weather, while modern concrete structures decay within decades?, Open Questions Well-attested Source Encyclopedia BritannicaSeen InSelfridges Birmingham, Buildings and Structures Well-attested Source Selfridges Birmingham (Wikipedia)tier 3Storer House, Buildings and Structures Well-attested Source Storer House (Los Angeles, California) - WikipediaSydney Town Hall, Buildings and Structures Well-attested Source Wikidata: Sydney Town HallTaliesin West, Buildings and Structures Well-attested Source Taliesin West (Wikipedia)tier 3Teatro Colon, Buildings and Structures Well-attested Source Wikidata: Teatro ColonThe Pantheon, Buildings and Structures Well-attested Still the largest unreinforced concrete dome ever built.Source Encyclopedia BritannicaTWA Flight Center, Buildings and Structures Well-attested Source TWA Flight Center (Wikipedia)tier 3Underground House Las Vegas, Buildings and Structures Well-attested Source Underground House Las Vegas (Wikipedia)Unite d'Habitation, Marseille, Buildings and Structures Well-attested Source Unite d'habitation, WikipediaUnited States Bullion Depository, Buildings and Structures Well-attested Source United States Bullion Depository (Wikipedia)tier 3Villa Cavrois, Buildings and Structures Well-attested Source Villa Cavrois (Wikipedia)Villa Susini, Buildings and Structures Well-attested Source Villa Susini (Wikidata)tier 3Washington Dulles International Airport Main Terminal, Buildings and Structures Well-attested Source Wikidata: Washington Dulles International Airport Main TerminalWat Rong Khun, Buildings and Structures Well-attested Source Wat Rong Khun (Wikipedia)tier 3Woodchester Villa, Buildings and Structures Well-attested Source Woodchester Villa (Wikipedia)Showing 51 to 65 of 65 in Seen In, page 2 of 2.← Previous12Sources1. Encyclopedia BritannicaEncyclopedia Britannica, Inc.Britannica: Concrete, lead paragraphconcrete, in construction, structural material consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance, known as aggregate (usually sand and gravel), that is bonded together by cement and water.Seen In: ColosseumSeen In: The PantheonAssociated With: Roman ArchitectureAssociated With: Reinforced ConcreteView the SourceSir Banister Fletcher's A History of ArchitectureBanister Fletcher, edited by Dan Cruickshank (20th edition), Architectural Press, 1996Roman constructionAssociated With: Roman Architecture, General history, Roman construction chapter, on concreteWikipediaWikimedia FoundationLead section, composition and hydrationQuote, Lead section, composition and hydrationConcrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bound together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid.View the SourceNotre-Dame du Haut (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Notre-Dame du Haut, Infobox material field: ConcreteView the SourceWikidata: Al Hamra TowerSeen In: Al Hamra Tower, Infobox material field: ConcreteView the SourceWikidata: Teatro ColonSeen In: Teatro Colon, Infobox material field: ConcreteView the SourceWikidata: Ford Foundation BuildingSeen In: Ford Foundation Building, Infobox material field: Concrete and steel frameView the SourceWikidata: Washington Dulles International Airport Main TerminalSeen In: Washington Dulles International Airport Main Terminal, Infobox material field: Glass, metal, concreteView the SourceDoha Tower, WikipediaSeen In: Doha Tower, Infobox material field: Concrete / SteelView the SourceMillau Viaduct (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Millau Viaduct, Infobox material field: Concrete, steelView the SourceQueen Victoria Building (Wikidata)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Queen Victoria Building, Infobox material field: Sydney sandstone clad walls, brick and concrete, steel roof structure with concrete and fibreglass domes painted to look like concreteView the SourceLenin's Mausoleum (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Lenin's Mausoleum, Infobox material field: Concrete and marbleView the SourceUnderground House Las Vegas (Wikipedia)Seen In: Underground House Las Vegas, Infobox material field: Concrete and steelView the SourceVilla Susini (Wikidata)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Villa Susini, Infobox material field: concrete, steel, iron, stone, brick, woodView the SourceWikidata: Sydney Town HallSeen In: Sydney Town Hall, Infobox material field: Sydney sandstone exterior walls;, Brick & plaster internal walls;, Timber, concrete & tile floors;, Timber roof trusses, Steel & wrought iron piView the SourcePalace of the Parliament (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaSeen In: Palace of the Parliament, Article bodyQuote, Seen In: Palace of the Parliament, Article bodyThe bunker is a room with 1.5-metre-thick (4.9 ft) concrete walls said to be impervious to radiation.View the SourceJewish Museum Berlin, WikipediaSeen In: Jewish Museum Berlin, Article bodyQuote, Seen In: Jewish Museum Berlin, Article bodyThe bare concrete Tower is neither heated nor cooledView the SourceAlcatraz Island (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Alcatraz Island, Article bodyQuote, Seen In: Alcatraz Island, Article bodyIn 1909 construction began on the huge concrete main cell blockView the SourceVilla Cavrois (Wikipedia)Seen In: Villa Cavrois, Article bodyQuote, Seen In: Villa Cavrois, Article bodyconcrete ceiling, metal, steel, glass, green Swedish marble in the main dining roomView the SourceRobie House (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Robie House, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Robie House, Wikipedia leadThe facade and perimeter walls are made largely of Roman brick, with concrete trim, cut-stone decorations, and art glass windows.View the Source432 Park Avenue (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: 432 Park Avenue, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: 432 Park Avenue, Wikipedia leadThe tower's exterior is a lattice of poured-in-place concrete made with white Portland cement.View the SourceTWA Flight Center (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: TWA Flight Center, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: TWA Flight Center, Wikipedia leadThe headhouse has a thin shell concrete roof, shaped like a set of bird's wings and supported by four Y-shaped piers.View the SourceJohnson Wax Headquarters, WikipediaSeen In: Johnson Wax Headquarters, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Johnson Wax Headquarters, Wikipedia leadThe Johnson Administration Building is designed in a variation of the streamlined Art Moderne style, with a curved brick facade and Pyrex glass-tube windows.View the SourceSelfridges Birmingham (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Selfridges Birmingham, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Selfridges Birmingham, Wikipedia leadIt has a steel framework with sprayed concrete facade.View the SourceRobin Hood Gardens, WikipediaSeen In: Robin Hood Gardens, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Robin Hood Gardens, Wikipedia leadIt was built as a council housing estate with homes spread across 'streets in the sky': social housing characterised by broad aerial walkways in long concrete blocks, much like the Park Hill estate in Sheffield; it was informed by, and a reaction against, Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation.View the SourcePirelli Tower, WikipediaSeen In: Pirelli Tower, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Pirelli Tower, Wikipedia leadThe construction used approximately 30,000 m3 (1,100,000 cu ft) of concrete.View the SourceEnnis House - WikipediaSeen In: Ennis House, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Ennis House, Wikipedia leadThe house is the largest of four concrete textile block houses that Wright designed in Greater Los Angeles in the 1920s, the others being La Miniatura, the Storer House, and the Freeman House.View the SourceSchindler House - WikipediaSeen In: Schindler House, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Schindler House, Wikipedia leadThe concrete walls and sliding canvas panels made novel use of industrial materials, while the open floor plan integrated the external environment into the residence, setting a precedent for California architecture in particular.View the SourceThe Motherland Calls, WikipediaSeen In: Motherland Calls, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Motherland Calls, Wikipedia leadDesigned primarily by sculptor Yevgeny Vuchetich with assistance from architect Yakov Belopolsky, the concrete sculpture commemorates the casualties of the Battle of Stalingrad, and is the predominant component of a monument complex, which includes several plazas and other sculptural works.View the SourceWikipedia: Salesforce TowerSeen In: Salesforce Tower, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Salesforce Tower, Wikipedia leadThe exterior of the building consists of a glass and steel curtain wall with a steel frame and a concrete core.View the SourceWikipedia: CITIC PlazaSeen In: CITIC Plaza, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: CITIC Plaza, Wikipedia leadCompleted in June 1997, it was the tallest concrete building in the world until the completion of the Trump Tower Chicago, and the tallest in China.View the SourceStorer House (Los Angeles, California) - WikipediaSeen In: Storer House, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Storer House, Wikipedia leadThe exterior is built of concrete textile blocks, which are alternately plain in design or decorated with engraved patterns.View the SourceS. C. Johnson and Son Administration Building and Research Tower - WikipediaSeen In: SC Johnson Administration Building, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: SC Johnson Administration Building, Wikipedia leadThe Johnson Administration Building is designed in a variation of the streamlined Art Moderne style, with a curved brick facade and Pyrex glass-tube windows.View the SourceEuromast, WikipediaSeen In: Euromast, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Euromast, Wikipedia leadThe tower is a concrete structure with an internal diameter of 9 m (30 ft) and a wall thickness of 30 cm (12 in).View the SourceKingsley Plantation, WikipediaSeen In: Kingsley Plantation, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Kingsley Plantation, Wikipedia leadThe foundations of the house, kitchen, barn, and the slave quarters were constructed of durable tabby concrete.View the SourceCauseway (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Causeway, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Causeway, Wikipedia leadIt can be constructed of earth, masonry, wood, or concrete.View the SourceTaliesin West (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Taliesin West, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Taliesin West, Wikipedia leadThe walls are made of desert masonry, a mixture of local rocks and concrete, which were originally topped by wood-and-canvas roofs.View the SourceUnited States Bullion Depository (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: United States Bullion Depository, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: United States Bullion Depository, Wikipedia leadBetween its fenced perimeter and granite-lined concrete structure lie rings of razor wire.View the SourceOne57 (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: One57, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: One57, Wikipedia leadOne57's structural features include concrete floor slabs and two basement levels.View the SourceWat Rong Khun (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Wat Rong Khun, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Wat Rong Khun, Wikipedia leadThe primary structure of the temple is made of a basic concrete frame and a wooden roof.View the SourceFaisal Mosque (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Faisal Mosque, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Faisal Mosque, Wikipedia leadDesigned by Turkish architect Vedat Dalokay, the mosque features a contemporary design consisting of eight sides of concrete shell and is inspired by the design of a typical Bedouin tent.View the SourceWoodchester Villa (Wikipedia)Seen In: Woodchester Villa, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Woodchester Villa, Wikipedia leadIts walls alternate between 4.5 metres and 5 metres in width and are made of 16 inch-thick poured concrete.View the SourceHighland Cottage (Wikipedia)Seen In: Highland Cottage, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Highland Cottage, Wikipedia leadIt was the first concrete house in Westchester County, built in the 1870s in the Gothic Revival architectural style.View the SourceWikipedia: Lloyd's BuildingWikimedia FoundationSeen In: Lloyd's building, Article textQuote, Seen In: Lloyd's building, Article textRogers selects primarily concrete and some steel for the structure, utilizing materials appropriate to the site's local logistics.View the SourceGuggenheim Museum New York (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Guggenheim Museum New York, Article textQuote, Seen In: Guggenheim Museum New York, Article textCohen constructed the facade of gunite, a type of sprayed concrete, as a cost-cutting measure.View the SourceWikipedia: Chandigarh Capitol Complextier 3WikipediaSeen In: Chandigarh Capitol Complex, Article textQuote, Seen In: Chandigarh Capitol Complex, Article textAll three buildings are cast in rough-cast concrete with Le Corbusier's signature Brise soleil (concrete sun-shading screens) and striking cantilevers.View the SourceUnite d'habitation, WikipediaSeen In: Unite d'Habitation, Marseille, Article textQuote, Seen In: Unite d'Habitation, Marseille, Article textThe building is constructed in béton brut (rough-cast concrete), as the hoped-for steel frame proved too expensive due to the post-war steel shortage.View the SourceCalgary Tower - WikipediaSeen In: Calgary Tower, Article textQuote, Seen In: Calgary Tower, Article textThe column of the tower was built from an unprecedented continual pour of concrete.View the SourceKuala Lumpur Tower, WikipediaSeen In: Kuala Lumpur Tower, Article textQuote, Seen In: Kuala Lumpur Tower, Article textApproximately 50,000 cubic metres of concrete were continuously poured for 31 hours, thus setting a record in the Malaysian construction industry.View the SourceOstankino Tower, WikipediaSeen In: Ostankino Tower, Article textQuote, Seen In: Ostankino Tower, Article textTo ensure the strength and stability of the concrete frame, Nikitin incorporated 149 taut steel ropes.View the SourceN Seoul Tower, WikipediaSeen In: Namsan Seoul Tower, Article textQuote, Seen In: Namsan Seoul Tower, Article textThe tower reached its full height when the concrete shaft and mast were topped out in 1971, and the project was completed when the observation decks were finished in 1975.View the SourceRoyal National Theatre (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Royal National Theatre, Article textQuote, Seen In: Royal National Theatre, Article textThe building's main construction material is a pale concrete, intended to complement the colour of the stone of Waterloo Bridge and Somerset House.View the SourceBarbican Estate (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Barbican Estate, Article textQuote, Seen In: Barbican Estate, Article textThe flats reflect the widespread use in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s of concrete as the visible face of the building.View the SourcePonte City Apartments (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Ponte City Apartments, Article textQuote, Seen In: Ponte City Apartments, Article textThe design-cylindrical shape and concrete material-and urban concept-a city within a city with services and shops on site-was borrowed from Chicago architect Bertrand Goldberg's Marina City (1964), at a time that architectural historian Clive Chipkin calls the "great apartheid building boom," when several Johannesburg firms were borrowing Chicago forms.View the SourceRyugyong Hotel, WikipediaSeen In: Ryugyong Hotel, Article textQuote, Seen In: Ryugyong Hotel, Article textFor over a decade, the unfinished building sat vacant and without windows, fixtures, or fittings, appearing as a massive concrete shell.View the SourceFederation Tower, WikipediaSeen In: Federation Tower, Article textQuote, Seen In: Federation Tower, Article textAccording to the company Potok, which is the builder of the tower, it used grade B90 concrete which is twice as strong as regular concrete and will allow the skyscraper to withstand a direct hit of an aircraft.View the SourceCayan Tower, WikipediaSeen In: Cayan Tower, Article textQuote, Seen In: Cayan Tower, Article textThe rooms of the tower are designed in such a way that it would not be affected by direct sunlight due to titanium-coloured metal panels on cast-in-place concrete columns aided with repetitive staggered screen panels to stop penetrating sunlight from disturbing the residents of the unit.View the SourceAqua (Chicago)Seen In: Aqua Tower, Article textQuote, Seen In: Aqua Tower, Article textThe result is a building composed of irregularly shaped concrete floor slabs which lend the facade an undulating, sculptural quality.View the Source20 Fenchurch Street - WikipediaSeen In: 20 Fenchurch Street, Article textQuote, Seen In: 20 Fenchurch Street, Article textThe concrete core was topped out in March 2012 and by July the structural steelwork was under way around the core.View the SourceCasamaures (Wikipedia)Seen In: Casamaures, Article textQuote, Seen In: Casamaures, Article textThe villa was built of formed and molded concrete, and completed in 1867.View the SourceMalacanang Palace - WikipediaSeen In: Malacanang Palace, Article textQuote, Seen In: Malacanang Palace, Article textThe building was now made of poured concrete, concrete slabs, steel girders and trusses, all concealed under ornate hardwood floors, panels and ceilings.View the SourceGran Hotel Ciudad de Mexico (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Gran Hotel Ciudad de Mexico, Article textQuote, Seen In: Gran Hotel Ciudad de Mexico, Article textIt was the first building built using the "Chicago" technique, using iron and concrete and was home to one of the first department stores in Mexico City.View the SourceRoma Termini railway station, WikipediaSeen In: Roma Termini railway station, Article textQuote, Seen In: Roma Termini railway station, Article textThis great hall is fronted by full-height glass walls, and is covered by a concrete roof that consists of a flattened and segmented arch, a modernist version of a barrel vault from a Roman bath.View the SourceIolani Palace - WikipediaSeen In: Iolani Palace, Article textQuote, Seen In: Iolani Palace, Article textIt was built of brick with concrete facing.View the SourceWikipedia: Burj Al ArabWikipediaSeen In: Burj Al Arab, Article textQuote, Seen In: Burj Al Arab, Article textThe building contains over 70,000 m3 (92,000 yd3) of concrete and 9,000 tons of steel.View the SourceFort Bard (Wikipedia)Seen In: Fort Bard, Infobox: materialsQuote, Seen In: Fort Bard, Infobox: materialsStone ConcreteView the SourceOpen Questions (1 open question)Why has Roman concrete endured two thousand years, in surf and weather, while modern concrete structures decay within decades?Recent materials research has produced strong partial answers, including reactions between seawater and volcanic ash that grow reinforcing minerals in Roman marine concrete, and lime fragments that may reseal cracks as they open, but the full recipe and practice remain incompletely understood, translation of the findings into modern durable and low-carbon concretes is unfinished work, and the research groups involved continue to publish competing accounts of which mechanisms matter most.What would resolve this A validated account of the Roman mix and curing practice sufficient to reproduce its durability in modern test structures, monitored over decades rather than inferred from laboratory samples.Materials Science, Archaeology, Civil EngineeringEncyclopedia BritannicaComments (0)No comments yet. 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