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Marble

Stone and Masonry Materials

Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from recrystallized limestone or dolomite, prized in architecture for its fine grain, ability to take a high polish and characteristic veining. Quarried since antiquity at sites such as Carrara in Italy and Pentelicus and Paros in Greece, it clad and structured many of the classical world's most significant temples and later furnished columns, floors, wall veneer and sculpture for buildings from the Renaissance onward. Its calcium-carbonate composition makes it vulnerable to acid rain and pollution, which etches its polished surface, so most modern use is as a thin decorative veneer over a structural backing rather than as a solid load-bearing material.

Marble
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Source Abraj Al Bait (Wikipedia)
Source Amber Fort (Wikipedia)
Source Arch of Constantine, Wikipedia
Source Baalbek - Wikipedia
Source Badshahi Mosque (Wikipedia)

Mies used freestanding slabs of Tinos green marble and golden onyx as the pavilions defining spatial dividers.

Source Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (Wikipedia)
Source City Palace, Udaipur - Wikipedia
Source Dalmoak House (Wikipedia)
Source National Gallery of Art, Wikipedia
Source Equitable Building (Manhattan), Wikipedia
Source Falaknuma Palace - Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Golden Temple
Source GUM (department store) (Wikipedia)

Its columns and lower walls are faced in colored marble and marble revetment quarried across the empire.

Source Wikipedia: Golden Temple
Source Hart-Cluett Mansion (Wikipedia)
Source Hassan II Mosque (Wikipedia)
Source Independence Monument, Kyiv (Wikipedia)
Source Jama Masjid, Delhi (Wikipedia)
Source Jefferson Memorial, Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Leaning Tower of Pisa
Source Lenin's Mausoleum (Wikipedia)
Source Lincoln Memorial, Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Lotus Temple
Source Abraj Al Bait (Wikipedia)
Source Marble Arch, Wikipedia
Source Marble High School (Wikipedia)
Source Marine Air Terminal - Wikipedia
Source Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba (Wikidata)
Source National Congress Palace (Wikipedia)
Source National Congress Palace (Wikipedia)
Source New York Public Library Main Branch, Wikipedia
Source Oslo Opera House, Wikipedia
Source Philadelphia City Hall - Wikipedia
Source Rashtrapati Bhavan (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Red Fort
Source Royal Courts of Justice - Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Royal Palace of Amsterdam
Source Salisbury Cathedral (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: San Francisco City Hall
Source Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque (Wikipedia)
Source Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque (Wikipedia)
Source Siena Cathedral (Wikipedia)
Source St Mark's Basilica (Wikipedia)

Faced in white Makrana marble, the material most associated with the mausoleum worldwide.

Source Wikipedia: The Plaza Hotel
Source Trajan's Column, Wikipedia
Source Umayyad Mosque (Wikipedia)
Source Victoria Memorial, Kolkata, Wikipedia
Source Washington Monument (Wikipedia)
Sources
Wikipedia
Wikimedia Foundation
  • Wikipedia: Marble
    Marble is a metamorphic rock consisting of carbonate minerals (most commonly calcite (CaCO3) or dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) that have recrystallized under the influence of heat and pressure.
  • Wikipedia: Marble, Sculpture section
    White marble has been prized for its use in sculptures since classical times.
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Wikipedia: Leaning Tower of Pisa
WikipediaSeen In: Leaning Tower of Pisa, infobox material field:View the Source
Amber Fort (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Amber Fort, infobox material field: Sandstone and marbleView the Source
Umayyad Mosque (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Umayyad Mosque, infobox material field: Stone, marble, tile, mosaicView the Source
City Palace, Udaipur - Wikipedia
Seen In: City Palace, Udaipur, infobox material field: Marble and masonryView the Source
Royal Courts of Justice - Wikipedia
Seen In: Royal Courts of Justice, infobox material field: Portland stone ashlar and red bricks with granite, marble and red sandstone dressings and slate and lead roofingView the Source
Jama Masjid, Delhi (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Jama Masjid, Delhi, infobox material field: Red sandstone, marbleView the Source
Badshahi Mosque (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Badshahi Mosque, infobox material field: Red sandstone, marbleView the Source
Lenin's Mausoleum (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Lenin's Mausoleum, infobox material field: Concrete and marbleView the Source
Dalmoak House (Wikipedia)
Seen In: Dalmoak House, infobox material field: Stone, MarbleView the Source
Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque (Wikipedia)
Seen In: Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, infobox material field: Stone; bricks; mortar; marble; ceramic tilesView the Source
Abraj Al Bait (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation
  • Seen In: Abraj Al Bait, infobox material field: cladding includes marble (per structural system description)
  • Seen In: Makkah Royal Clock Tower, infobox material field: cladding includes marble (per structural system description)
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Wikipedia: Lotus Temple
WikipediaSeen In: Lotus Temple, Introduction
Quote, Seen In: Lotus Temple, Introduction
27 free-standing marble-clad concrete petals
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Wikipedia: The Plaza Hotel
WikipediaSeen In: The Plaza Hotel, Introduction
Quote, Seen In: The Plaza Hotel, Introduction
The facade is made of marble at the base, with white brick covering the upper stories
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Arch of Constantine, Wikipedia
Seen In: Arch of Constantine, Introduction
Quote, Seen In: Arch of Constantine, Introduction
The arch is constructed of brick-faced concrete covered in marble.
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Marble Arch, Wikipedia
Seen In: Marble Arch, Introduction
Quote, Seen In: Marble Arch, Introduction
a 19th-century white marble-faced triumphal arch
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Philadelphia City Hall - Wikipedia
Seen In: Philadelphia City Hall, Introduction
Quote, Seen In: Philadelphia City Hall, Introduction
Built using brick, white marble and limestone
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Lincoln Memorial, Wikipedia
Seen In: Lincoln Memorial, Wikipedia categories
Quote, Seen In: Lincoln Memorial, Wikipedia categories
Category:Marble buildings
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Wikipedia: Royal Palace of Amsterdam
Seen In: Royal Palace of Amsterdam, Wikipedia categories
Quote, Seen In: Royal Palace of Amsterdam, Wikipedia categories
Category:Marble buildings
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Victoria Memorial, Kolkata, Wikipedia
Seen In: Victoria Memorial, Kolkata, Wikipedia categories
Quote, Seen In: Victoria Memorial, Kolkata, Wikipedia categories
Category:Marble buildings
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Marble High School (Wikipedia)
Seen In: Marble High School, Wikipedia categories
Quote, Seen In: Marble High School, Wikipedia categories
Category:Marble buildings
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Wikipedia: Golden Temple
Wikipedia
  • Seen In: Golden Temple, Wikipedia lead
    Maharaja Ranjit Singh, after founding the Sikh Empire, rebuilt it in marble and copper in 1809, and overlaid the sanctum with gold leaf in 1830.
  • Seen In: Harmandir Sahib, Wikipedia lead
    Maharaja Ranjit Singh, after founding the Sikh Empire, rebuilt it in marble and copper in 1809, and overlaid the sanctum with gold leaf in 1830.
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Wikipedia: Red Fort
WikipediaSeen In: Red Fort, Wikipedia lead
Quote, Seen In: Red Fort, Wikipedia lead
Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, many of its marble structures were demolished by the British, although the defensive walls remained largely intact.
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Hassan II Mosque (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Hassan II Mosque, Wikipedia lead
Quote, Seen In: Hassan II Mosque, Wikipedia lead
The walls are made of handcrafted marble, and the roof is retractable.
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New York Public Library Main Branch, Wikipedia
Seen In: New York Public Library Main Branch, Wikipedia lead
Quote, Seen In: New York Public Library Main Branch, Wikipedia lead
The marble facade of the building contains ornate detailing, and the Fifth Avenue entrance is flanked by a pair of stone lions that serve as the library's icon.
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Washington Monument (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Washington Monument, Wikipedia lead
Quote, Seen In: Washington Monument, Wikipedia lead
Standing east of the Reflecting Pool and the Lincoln Memorial, the monument is made of bluestone gneiss for the foundation and of granite for the construction.
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Oslo Opera House, Wikipedia
Seen In: Oslo Opera House, Wikipedia lead
Quote, Seen In: Oslo Opera House, Wikipedia lead
The angled exterior surfaces of the building are covered with marble from Carrara, Italy and white granite and make it appear to rise from the water.
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Trajan's Column, Wikipedia
Seen In: Trajan's Column, Wikipedia lead
Quote, Seen In: Trajan's Column, Wikipedia lead
The shaft is made from a series of 20 colossal Carrara marble drums, each weighing about 32 tons, with a diameter of 3.7 metres (12.1 feet).
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Marine Air Terminal - Wikipedia
Seen In: Marine Air Terminal, Wikipedia lead
Quote, Seen In: Marine Air Terminal, Wikipedia lead
The brick facade is painted buff, with black details, and contains a frieze that depicts flying fish.
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Independence Monument, Kyiv (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Independence Monument, Kyiv, Wikipedia lead
Quote, Seen In: Independence Monument, Kyiv, Wikipedia lead
The column is faced with white Italian marble that stands on a pedestal in the form of a Christian temple.
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Siena Cathedral (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Siena Cathedral, Wikipedia lead
Quote, Seen In: Siena Cathedral, Wikipedia lead
The exterior and interior are constructed of white and greenish-black marble in alternating stripes, with the addition of red marble on the façade.
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St Mark's Basilica (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: St Mark's Basilica, Wikipedia lead
Quote, Seen In: St Mark's Basilica, Wikipedia lead
To convey the republic's wealth and power, the original brick façades and interior walls were embellished over time with precious stones and rare marbles, primarily in the thirteenth century.
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Hart-Cluett Mansion (Wikipedia)
Seen In: Hart-Cluett Mansion, Wikipedia lead
Quote, Seen In: Hart-Cluett Mansion, Wikipedia lead
Thompson, of New York City, it is a Federal style townhouse with decorated marble and limestone facing considered one of the best and most intact houses in that style in the city of Troy.
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Salisbury Cathedral (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Salisbury Cathedral, Wikipedia article
Quote, Seen In: Salisbury Cathedral, Wikipedia article
=== Nave === Salisbury Cathedral is unusual for its tall and narrow nave, which has visual accentuation from the use of light grey Chilmark stone for the walls and dark polished Purbeck marble for the columns.
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Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Wikipedia article
Quote, Seen In: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Wikipedia article
The 96 columns in the main prayer hall are clad with marble and inlaid with mother of pearl, one of the few places where one can see this craftsmanship.
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National Congress Palace (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation
  • Seen In: National Congress Palace, Wikipedia article
    The structure is composed of steel columns and beams clad in concrete, with double slabs.
  • Seen In: National Congress of Brazil, Wikipedia article
    The structure is composed of steel columns and beams clad in concrete, with double slabs.
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Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba (Wikidata)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba, Wikipedia article
Quote, Seen In: Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba, Wikipedia article
The current building has approximately 850 columns made of jasper, onyx, marble, granite and porphyry.
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Wikipedia: San Francisco City Hall
WikipediaSeen In: San Francisco City Hall, Wikipedia article
Quote, Seen In: San Francisco City Hall, Wikipedia article
It is faced with Madera County granite on the exterior, and Indiana sandstone within, together with finish marbles from Alabama, Colorado, Vermont, and Italy.
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Rashtrapati Bhavan (Wikipedia)
WikipediaSeen In: Rashtrapati Bhavan, Wikipedia article
Quote, Seen In: Rashtrapati Bhavan, Wikipedia article
== Architecture == === Design === Consisting of four floors and 340 rooms, with a floor area of 200,000 square metres (2,200,000 sq ft), it was built using 700 million bricks and 3,000,000 cu ft (85,000 m3) of stone with little steel.
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Baalbek - Wikipedia
Seen In: Baalbek, Wikipedia article
Quote, Seen In: Baalbek, Wikipedia article
== Ruins == The Tell Baalbek temple complex, fortified as the town's citadel during the Middle Ages, was constructed from local stone, mostly white granite and a rough white marble.
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National Gallery of Art, Wikipedia
Seen In: East Building, National Gallery of Art, Wikipedia article
Quote, Seen In: East Building, National Gallery of Art, Wikipedia article
At the time of its inception it was the largest marble structure in the world.
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Equitable Building (Manhattan), Wikipedia
Seen In: Equitable Building, Wikipedia article
Quote, Seen In: Equitable Building, Wikipedia article
=== Facade === The building's facade is made of brick, granite, and terracotta, and white Yule Marble and iron are also used in the building.
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Jefferson Memorial, Wikipedia
Seen In: Jefferson Memorial, Wikipedia article
Quote, Seen In: Jefferson Memorial, Wikipedia article
The memorial is constructed with white Imperial Danby marble taken from Vermont, which rests on a series of granite and marble-stepped terraces.
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GUM (department store) (Wikipedia)
Seen In: GUM Department Store, Wikipedia article
Quote, Seen In: GUM Department Store, Wikipedia article
The facade is divided into several horizontal tiers, lined with red Finnish granite, Tarusa marble, and limestone.
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Falaknuma Palace - Wikipedia
Seen In: Falaknuma Palace, Wikipedia article
Quote, Seen In: Falaknuma Palace, Wikipedia article
It is made completely with Italian marble with stained-glass windows.
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Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Wikipedia article
Quote, Seen In: Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Wikipedia article
The exterior shell is structurally supported by a steel frame with pylons embedded to bedrock at each corner pier, and the façade is constructed of translucent veined marble and granite.
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