Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete, is a composite material that compensates for plain concrete's low tensile strength and limited ductility by embedding reinforcement, almost always steel reinforcing bars known as rebar, into the concrete before it sets. Because the reinforcement is usually placed passively, meaning it carries no load of its own until the concrete around it is stressed, some reinforced concrete is instead pre stressed or post tensioned, putting the concrete permanently into compression and the reinforcement into tension so the finished structure behaves better under working loads; in the United States these two techniques are called pre-tensioning and post-tensioning. Reinforcement steel bonds well to concrete regardless of the surrounding pH or moisture, and the concrete's own alkalinity protects embedded steel from corrosion when the work is designed correctly. By volume, reinforced concrete is one of the most widely used engineering materials in the world, forming the structural frame of most modern buildings taller than a few stories, most bridge decks, and much of the large scale civil infrastructure built since the twentieth century. This description is adapted from Wikipedia contributors under CC BY-SA 4.0; changes were made. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Facts
Element Kind First Used EraLate nineteenth century; Joseph Monier patented a wire-mesh reinforced concrete flowerpot in 1867 and a system of reinforced concrete columns and girders in 1877, though the earlier Francois Coignet house in Paris (1853 to 1855) is sometimes credited as the first iron-reinforced concrete structure, built before any patent on the technique. 1 Era
Era (category) Reinforced Concrete
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Source Encyclopedia Britannica
Prestressed concrete is a further refinement of reinforced concrete, using deliberately induced compression rather than passive steel reinforcement alone to resist tension.
Ando's architecture is defined by finely finished exposed reinforced concrete used as both structure and surface finish at once.
Source Wikipedia
The five points depend on reinforced concrete framing, which removes the load-bearing role from walls and facade alike.
Source Encyclopedia Britannica
Seen In
A reinforced concrete buttressed core to level 156, steel-framed above.
Source Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Official Site
Source CBS Building, Wikipedia
Source Central Plaza, Hong Kong, Wikipedia
Source Charles Macdonald Concrete House Museum (Wikipedia)
Source Church of the Light (Wikidata)
Source Edificio Copan - Wikipedia
Source Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Official Site
Source Home Insurance Building (Wikipedia)
Source Jeddah Tower (Wikidata)
Source Joseph R. Bowles House (Wikipedia)
Source Phillips Exeter Academy Library, Wikipedia
Source Price Tower (Wikipedia)
Source Sagrada Familia (Wikidata)
Source Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 (Wikipedia)
Source Tallinn TV Tower - Wikipedia
Source Wikidata: Toronto City Hall
Source Villa Tugendhat - Wikipedia
Source Unity Temple (Wikipedia)
Source Villa Paul Poiret (Wikipedia)
Source Encyclopedia Britannica
Source Villa Tugendhat (Wikipedia)
Source World One, Wikipedia
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1. Reinforced Concrete (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationEarly Reinforced Concrete Patents and Structures
Joseph Monier, a 19th-century French gardener, was a pioneer in the development of structural, prefabricated and reinforced concrete, having been dissatisfied with the existing materials available for making durable flowerpots.
Description section, pre-tensioning and post-tensioning
Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete or ferro-concrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility.
View the Source 2. Encyclopedia Britannica
Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.Britannica: Reinforced concrete, lead paragraph
reinforced concrete, concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces.
- Seen In: Villa Savoye
- Associated With: The Five Points of Architecture
- Associated With: Concrete
View the Source Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Official Site
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Official Site
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban HabitatSeen In: Burj KhalifaView the Source Wikipedia
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Tadao Ando, Tadao Ando, style sectionView the Source Sagrada Familia (Wikidata)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Sagrada Familia, Infobox material field: Stone, reinforced concreteView the Source Jeddah Tower (Wikidata)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Jeddah Tower, Infobox material field: Reinforced concrete and steel, all-glass facadeView the Source Wikidata: Toronto City Hall
Seen In: Toronto City Hall, Infobox material field: reinforced concreteView the Source World One, Wikipedia
Seen In: World One, Infobox material field: Steel / Reinforced ConcreteView the Source Church of the Light (Wikidata)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Church of the Light, Infobox material field: reinforced concreteView the Source Home Insurance Building (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Home Insurance Building, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Home Insurance Building, Wikipedia lead
It was the first tall building to be supported both inside and outside by a fireproof structural steel frame, though it also included reinforced concrete.
Price Tower (Wikipedia)
Seen In: Price Tower, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Price Tower, Wikipedia lead
The facade includes embossed copper spandrels and louvers, tinted glass windows, and poured stucco surfaces.
Edificio Copan - Wikipedia
Seen In: Edificio Copan, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Edificio Copan, Wikipedia lead
The building has the largest reinforced concrete structure in the country, 115 meters high (377 ft.), 32 floors and 120 thousand square meters of built area, divided into six blocks, with a total of 1,160 apartments of varying sizes, according to an estimate of five thousand residents from different social classes and more than seventy commercial establishments.
Villa Tugendhat - Wikipedia
Seen In: Tugendhat House, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Tugendhat House, Wikipedia lead
Of reinforced concrete, the villa soon became an icon of modernism.
CBS Building, Wikipedia
Seen In: CBS Building, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: CBS Building, Wikipedia lead
The "Black Rock" nickname is derived from the design of its facade, which consists of angled dark-gray granite piers alternating with dark-tinted glass.
Phillips Exeter Academy Library, Wikipedia
Seen In: Phillips Exeter Academy Library, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Phillips Exeter Academy Library, Wikipedia lead
The outer ring, which is built of load-bearing brick, includes all four exterior walls and the library carrel desks immediately inside them.
Tallinn TV Tower - Wikipedia
Seen In: Tallinn TV Tower, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Tallinn TV Tower, Wikipedia lead
The tower body was constructed of reinforced concrete rings 50 cm thick that weigh a total of 17,000 tonnes, and the total tower weight is approximately 20,000 tonnes.
Central Plaza, Hong Kong, Wikipedia
Seen In: Central Plaza, Hong Kong, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Central Plaza, Hong Kong, Wikipedia lead
Central Plaza was also the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world, until it was surpassed by CITIC Plaza, Guangzhou in 1996.
Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1, Wikipedia lead
The tower has a novel structural system called a "Ladder Core System" where the perimeter mega columns are connected to the central reinforced concrete core at every story as opposed to the typical configuration where they are only connected via outriggers at mechanical floors.
Unity Temple (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Unity Temple, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Unity Temple, Wikipedia lead
The two sections, and an entrance pavilion between them, are made of reinforced concrete.
Villa Tugendhat (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Villa Tugendhat, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Villa Tugendhat, Wikipedia lead
Of reinforced concrete, the villa soon became an icon of modernism.
Villa Paul Poiret (Wikipedia)
Seen In: Villa Paul Poiret, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Villa Paul Poiret, Wikipedia lead
It is constructed in reinforced concrete in a geometric style, has 25 rooms on three levels, 800 square metres (8,600 sq ft) of internal space, an upper terrace with panoramic views, and a 7-metre-tall (23 ft) corner salon with floor-to-ceiling windows.
Charles Macdonald Concrete House Museum (Wikipedia)
Seen In: Charles Macdonald Concrete House Museum, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Charles Macdonald Concrete House Museum, Wikipedia lead
It was built entirely out of reinforced concrete in 1910 by Charles Macdonald, a folk artist, socialist and owner of a cement brick factory.
Joseph R. Bowles House (Wikipedia)
Seen In: Joseph R. Bowles House, Wikipedia leadQuote, Seen In: Joseph R. Bowles House, Wikipedia lead
two-story reinforced concrete building with Spanish tile roof and Italian marble columns.
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