Architecture and Design Atlas

How Space Is Shaped
Elements and Materials

Structural Steel

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Rolled steel shapes bolted, riveted or welded into building frames, made cheap by the Bessemer and open-hearth processes of the later nineteenth century. The steel skeleton, first fully exploited in the Chicago tall buildings of the 1880s, took the load out of the walls and made the skyscraper and the curtain wall possible.

Facts
Element Kind
Material 1
First Used Era
Later nineteenth century 1
First Used Era
The Home Insurance Building in Chicago (William Le Baron Jenney, completed 1885) is often called the first skyscraper for its fireproof structural steel frame, though the claim is disputed: the Ditherington Flax Mill in England (1797) and Broad Street Station in Philadelphia (1881) used iron or steel framing earlier at a smaller scale, Chicago's own press did not call it the first skyscraper at the time, and the title was not formalized until the building's 1985 centennial. 2
Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Calatrava's skeletal, bone-like forms are typically built from exposed structural steel, often paired with concrete.

Source Wikipedia

Its metal frame mixed cast and wrought iron with early structural steel.

The Chicago School's rebuilding-era architects pioneered structural steel framing for tall commercial buildings.

Seen In

Sources
1. Encyclopedia Britannica
Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.View the Source
2. Home Insurance Building (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationDisputes Over the First Claim sectionView the Source
Centre Pompidou (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSeen In: Centre Pompidou, Technical specifications
Quote, Seen In: Centre Pompidou, Technical specifications
Steel superstructure with reinforced concrete floors
View the Source
Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture
Banister Fletcher, edited by Dan Cruickshank (20th edition), Architectural Press, 1996Seen In: Chrysler Building
Wikipedia
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Santiago Calatrava, Santiago Calatrava, style sectionView the Source
Wikipedia
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Corten SteelView the Source
American Institute of Steel Construction Official Site
American Institute of Steel ConstructionAssociated With: American Institute of Steel ConstructionView the Source
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